🔗The Grid: The Foundation

At its core is the ThreeFold Grid, a global network of independently operated nodes. These nodes are run by “farmers,” aka individuals and organizations that contribute resources and are rewarded for making reliable resources available. Unlike hyperscalers, there is no central owner controlling pricing, access, or usage. Anyone can contribute hardware, anyone can consume capacity.

From a technical perspective, the grid offers the primitives developers need to run modern workloads: Linux VMs, private networking, IPv4/IPv6 routing, and the ability to deploy and manage infrastructure.

A key challenge in decentralized hosting has always been network access, especially scarce and expensive IPv4 addresses. The grid solves this with smart gateway models, such as the Web gateway that turn ThreeFold nodes with public IPv4 addresses into reverse proxies, making any workload accessible from the internet, even if it runs on a node without a public IP.

Farmers can offer gateway services using their own IPv4 addresses, so users can deploy anywhere on the grid without complex networking. This way, small operators can deploy apps without buying lots of expensive IPs.

Gateways can also bridge Mycelium with the traditional web. Mycelium is a decentralized, end-to-end encrypted network built on the ThreeFold base layer. Developers building directly on Mycelium can often skip IPv4 gateways entirely.

🔗The Builders: Turning Infrastructure into Products

Above the raw grid sits a growing layer of builders and companies who package its primitives into usable, commercial-grade products.

As concrete examples, we have YourData Network, a seller of hardware and software, and Shiloh Code, experts in privacy and managed services, that both leverage the grid in their own ways. We also have interesting experiments like this Ukrainian underground radio which can safely run using the Mycelium network without worrying about centralized censorship.

Independent developers are also using the grid to offer hosting and app gateways. A recent project showed that a single person could set up a reliable front door for many apps in just a few evenings – something that would normally require a lot more time and expensive infrastructure. This gateway experiment helps work around the current limits of decentralized hosting, such as IPv4 scarcity and the fact that many nodes run in residential settings without direct inbound access.

Each of these efforts turns the raw ThreeFold Grid into accessible, commercial-grade services, without the specific need of a central rollout.

This builder layer is critical and serves a clear purpose: by abstracting away the complexity of the grid, it makes it possible for end-users to access apps and services running on the grid through easy to use builders’ products.

🔗The Users: Plugging Into Decentralization

At the top of the stack are the end users, people and small teams who want to use products without running servers themselves. Thanks to the builder layer, there are already products and services offered on the internet that run on the grid, making it possible to benefit from a decentralized backbone without managing the infrastructure.

They do not need to know how the network works. They simply use products like a hosted drive, a secure gateway or a custom web service that runs on a decentralized backbone. For them it feels as easy as a normal cloud, but without lock-in, tracking or sudden price changes.

🔗Why This Matters Now

This is no longer just a vision. It’s a functioning ecosystem where people are building and deploying. The technology is ready for production. Compute, storage and networking primitives are live, open source and easy to automate with modern tools.

If you’re a developer or small company wanting to launch a product in a secure, decentralized environment, this is it. Here is what you should do:

• Explore the ThreeFold Grid
• Read through our manual
• Join the forum

The future of the internet isn’t coming – it’s already running. ThreeFold is ready for adoption.

The world is standing at the edge of a technological revolution. Quantum computing, once confined to theoretical discussions in labs, has begun breaking into reality. With advancements like Google Willow and the race towards more powerful machines, quantum computers are an approaching storm, and most of us are not even close to being ready.

🔗The Quantum Threat to Security

For decades, the bedrock of digital trust has been cryptography. Public-key encryption (RSA, ECC), digital signatures, and hashing algorithms are what secure our bank accounts, blockchain transactions, confidential files, and online identities.

But here’s the problem: quantum computers are tailor-made to break these very defenses. Shor’s algorithm allows quantum systems to factor large numbers and break asymmetric encryption at a speed classical computers could never match. Once a quantum machine with sufficient qubits (the basic unit of information used to encode data in quantum computing) and error correction is operational, today’s standard cryptography becomes obsolete.

This danger unfolds in multiple ways:

• Harvest-now, decrypt-later: Encrypted data stolen today can be stored and easily decrypted by quantum machines in the future.
• Compromised blockchains: Bitcoin, Ethereum, and other cryptocurrencies are secured by vulnerable cryptography. A sufficiently advanced quantum computer could forge transactions or drain wallets.
• Broken trust in communications: VPNs, HTTPS, and secure messaging would be exposed, jeopardizing global internet security.
• Critical infrastructure risk: Power grids, defense systems, and financial networks could all be destabilized by quantum attacks.

In short, quantum computing threatens the very assumption of “safety” on which the digital world has been built.

For businesses, governments, and individuals alike, this presents both unparalleled opportunity and unprecedented danger.

🔗Why Existing Systems Can’t Adapt Quickly

Crypto networks, cloud providers, and enterprises face a brutal truth. It is absolutely critical for them to get quantum-safe.

For blockchains, transitioning means changing the very essence of their algorithms, requiring contentious hard forks that could split communities and collapse valuations.

For cloud storage providers, petabytes of vulnerable data are already locked in centralized infrastructures, making retrofitting costly and slow.

For governments and enterprises, complacency is the biggest risk, assuming quantum is “decades away” when in reality, technological breakthroughs are accelerating faster than anyone expected.

What’s needed isn’t retrofitting. It’s rethinking.

🔗Enter ThreeFold’s Quantum Safe Storage (QSS)

Zero-OS provides several core storage primitives like disks, volumes, and 0-DB. Quantum Safe Storage is constructed on top of these primitives, adding the encryption, encoding, and dispersion mechanisms that deliver a storage layer that is unbreakable, sovereign, and efficient.

QSS is the productized form of Zero-OS storage, designed specifically for the quantum age. QSS packages its core advantages into a clear value proposition:

• Quantum-Resistant Security: Mathematically encoded fragments and post-quantum cryptography protect against future quantum attacks.
• Immutable & Append-Only: Data can’t be altered or erased, ensuring integrity forever.
• Self-Healing: Automatic detection and reconstruction of lost or corrupted fragments.
• Sovereign & Compliant: Data placement can be controlled geographically for governance and compliance.
• Efficient: Achieves redundancy with only ~20% overhead, compared to 400%+ for replication systems.

🔗The QSS Storage Stack

The storage stack is made up of three core layers:

• ZDBFS (Zero-DB FS): A filesystem abstraction layer that makes the system accessible to applications, developers, and end-users.
• ZSTOR (Zero-Stor): The encoding, encryption, and distribution engine that applies error-correcting codes and disperses fragments.
• ZDB (Zero-DB): The append-only, immutable storage daemon that directly interfaces with physical drives.

🔗#1 ZDBFS (Zero-DB FS)

At the surface, Zero-OS offers the ZBDFS. In this layer, users and applications can interact with each other. To the user, ZBDFS feels like a familiar mounted filesystem. Beneath the surface, every action taken is translated into operations that the deeper architecture understands.

When applications interact with ZDBFS, it passes those instructions down to ZSTOR, which performs the real work of encoding, encryption, and dispersal. On retrieval, ZBDFS orchestrates the reverse process, seamlessly reconstructing files from distributed fragments.

The filesystem itself is robust at scale:

• It can hold petabytes of data
• Manage up to two million files per instance
• Transfer at speeds of 100 MB/s
• It is optimized for larger objects.

Metadata is redundantly maintained with configurable consistency, typically within a fifteen-minute window, ensuring durability without compromise.

🔗#2 Zero-Stor (ZSTOR)

In ZSTOR, raw input becomes mathematically encoded resilience. When data enters ZSTOR it goes through the following stages:

• The data is compressed to conserve space, then encrypted with user-defined keys
• Forward error correction transforms it into fragments redundant yet efficient equations that can survive node failures without loss.
• These fragments are distributed across multiple Zero-DB backends, with metadata carefully managed to map locations, redundancy, and integrity.

ZSTOR also watches over data. A built-in monitoring layer continuously checks the health of every connected device, automatically rebuilding missing fragments if one goes dark. ZSTOR can even synchronize across clusters in real time, ensuring redundancy and failover across geographies.

🔗#3 Zero-DB (ZDB)

Unlike conventional storage engines, ZDB is designed for simplicity. It is append-only by default. New data is added sequentially, references update to the latest version, and old data remains as history. Mutation or deletion requires a compaction process, which is possible but not part of normal operation.

ZDB is a general-purpose data store. It can hold entire unencrypted objects or the fragmented shards used by ZBDFS, and the engine itself remains indifferent to the content.

🔗Scalability in QSS

QSS is built to scale outward, not upward. Each use case runs on its own dedicated instance of ZBDFS and ZSTOR, which connect to a constellation of ZDBs spread across the grid. A typical configuration uses around twenty or more, but the exact number is configurable by the user.

These components can be distributed across geographies, giving the system reach without sacrificing integrity.

There is no ceiling here. The architecture can support an unlimited number of ZBDFS and ZSTOR instances, each operating independently yet harmoniously. Since data is always processed and consumed at the place of its creation, latency is minimized and sovereignty preserved.

The result is a storage fabric that grows horizontally, node by node, instead of demanding ever more powerful centralized machines.

🔗The Maths Behind QSS

Replication is the crutch of conventional storage. QSS leaves it behind. A file, once ingested, is broken into sixteen fragments. From those fragments, twenty equations are born. Any sixteen of those equations can rebuild the whole. Four nodes may vanish from the network, and the data remains untouched, its integrity intact.

Where traditional systems bloat themselves with 400% overhead just to promise redundancy, QSS achieves it with only 20%.

Example Implementation

Imagine a piece of data split into three fragments with values:

• a = 1
• b = 2
• c = 3

Instead of storing these fragments directly, the system encodes them as equations:

• a + b + c = 6
• c − b − a = 0
• b − c + a = 0
• 2b + a − c = 2
• 5c − b − a = 12
• …and more.

At first glance this looks like overkill: why so many equations for just three unknowns?

Here’s the math behind it:

In a system with three variables (a, b, c), only three linearly independent equations are needed to uniquely recover them.

Any set of more than three equations will be linearly dependent—they don’t add new information but can be expressed as combinations of the others.

From a storage perspective, that means only three equations are strictly necessary.

So why generate extra equations? For resilience. If some equations are lost or corrupted, the system can still pick any valid set of three independent ones and reconstruct the original fragments. This redundancy ensures the data remains recoverable even under failure.

In production, the model scales. A typical configuration splits each object into sixteen fragments, then produces twenty equations, each stored on a separate device. To rebuild the data, only sixteen of the twenty are required. The system can lose four entire nodes and still recover the file without corruption.

This mathematical method achieves redundancy with just 20% overhead, compared to the 400% overhead demanded by traditional replication systems.

🔗Deploy Quantum Safe Storage

The Quantum Daemon is designed to manage all aspects of QSS that don’t fit neatly into the roles of the core components. Its goal is to simplify deployment, operation, and recovery of QSS into a single binary with a single config file.

🔗Responsibilities

The daemon takes care of:

• Backend deployment: Initial deployment of backend zdbs and replacement of failed backends during operation.
• Service management: Installation of all required binaries and creation of system services (supports both systemd and zinit).
• Event handling: Processing hook events from zdb (replacing legacy shell scripts).
• Data integrity: Running checks and retries for failed uploads.
• Config management: Providing a single central config file for end users (QSS component configs and CLI args are generated automatically).
• Recovery: Automated restoration of QSS onto a new machine in case of frontend failure.
• Simplified operation: One binary and one config file can bring up the whole system.

🔗Usage

A subset of functionality is already implemented, with heavy changes expected as the project evolves. Today, QSS can already be deployed with quantumd using either local or remote backends.

• Local backends are useful for testing, and can be spun up quickly with a single command.
• Remote backends are used for real deployments, requiring a TFChain account and configuration details.
• Daemon mode handles retries, hooks, and caching in the background once set up.

For step-by-step installation and deployment instructions, see the official deployment guide.

🔗Comparing QSS With Traditional Storage Solutions

Here is a comparison between QSS and traditional storage to show how it outperforms conventional systems.

🔗In Closing

ZDBFS, ZSTOR, and ZDB form a storage stack that balances performance, sovereignty, and quantum resistance. Whether deployed for simple file storage, global applications, or blockchain-grade data integrity, QSS empowers organizations, developers, and individuals alike to move beyond the vulnerabilities of conventional storage and embrace a future where security, resilience, and sovereignty go hand in hand.

At the core of this design is Zero OS, an autonomous, minimalist operating system purpose-built to deliver compute, storage, and network primitives without relying on centralized infrastructure, traditional sysadmin practices, or hyperscaler capital.

Zero OS has been specifically designed to ensure that:

• A high level of computer expertise is typically not required to set up a node.
• There is virtually zero maintenance after initial setup. All updates happen automatically.
• Recovery from power or network loss happens without human intervention.

🔗What is Zero OS?

Zero OS is a stateless, bare-metal runtime environment, employing a minimalist design built from scratch around the Linux kernel. It exposes a tightly scoped set of primitives for compute, storage, and networking.

• Headless by Design: Runs entirely autonomously after boot. There’s no need for user intervention post-deployment.
• Ephemeral & Immutable: The root filesystem is read-only, and all system behavior is stateless and declarative.
• Ledger-Driven Provisioning: Nodes listen to a blockchain-based reservation system and respond by deploying the workloads described in those reservations.

It has no package manager, no local user accounts, no shell access, and no remote management via SSH. This drastically reduces the attack surface and operational complexity.

The OS acts as a waypoint, converting instructions stored on a distributed ledger into real-world compute deployments.

🔗Composable Primitives

Instead of exposing bloated APIs or fully fledged orchestration platforms, Zero OS provides a narrow but composable set of system primitives:

These primitives can be composed by developers or workload orchestrators (like ThreeFold Labs or TF Grid SDKs) into more complex services, such as Kubernetes clusters, storage grids, VPNs, or decentralized databases, all without a central coordinator.

🔗Programmatic Trust via Blockchain Coordination

Instead of relying on centralized control systems like AWS Control Tower or Google Cloud IAM, Zero OS nodes operate through a decentralized model driven by TFChain and peer-to-peer communication.

Each node is associated with a Twin ID, a unique digital identity stored on TFChain. When a user wants to deploy a workload (like a VM or database), they submit a reservation smart contract to TFChain. This contract includes a cryptographic signature from the user’s Twin and a hash of the workload deployment.

Here’s how it works:

• The blockchain confirms billing authorization and verifies the hash of the deployment. This creates an auditable, tamper-proof record.
• The full deployment instructions (including specs like CPU, memory, storage, and network) are transmitted off-chain via RMB (Remote Message Bus), end-to-end encrypted, from the user to the node.
• The node monitors TFChain for reservations tied to its Twin ID, verifies the signature and hash, and then automatically provisions the workload. No human intervention needed.

This setup ensures:

• Auditable Infrastructure: Every change is logged on-chain.
• Trustless Automation: No need for sysadmins or manual approval.
• Sovereign Ownership: Each workload is cryptographically linked to its creator.
• Efficiency: By transmitting heavy deployment data off-chain via RMB, blockchain usage is minimized, reducing on-chain storage and compute load.

Just like Ethereum smart contracts execute code, ThreeFold nodes execute real-world workloads. Driven by a hybrid architecture that blends blockchain trust with encrypted peer-to-peer efficiency.

🔗Grid Networks for Safe Testing and Rollouts

Zero OS runs across several different network environments, each designed for a specific stage in the development and deployment process. This setup helps the system evolve safely without risking the stability of the live grid.

Here’s how the networks work:

This tiered model makes sure that:

• New features are tested step by step
• Production remains stable and secure
• Developers can safely build and improve the system without risk to users.

🔗True Sovereignty at the System Level

ThreeFold, through Zero OS and the TF Grid, decentralizes the cloud and rebuilds it from the ground up, with sovereignty, automation, and composability at its core.

Zero OS isn’t just an operating system. It’s a self-operating system.

And in a time when data, identity, and computational infrastructure are geopolitical battlegrounds, that changes everything.

🔗What Does it Enable?

Think about this:

• A school in Uganda can run its own local cloud with no data ever leaving its premises.
• A nation-state can build a national cloud grid without relying on a centralized provider.
• A developer collective can launch resilient apps that survive even if core internet services go down.

This is infrastructure-native sovereignty. Not just ownership of software, but autonomy over the full lifecycle: deployment, operation, upgrade, and recovery.

With Zero OS and the ThreeFold Grid, you move from dependency to autonomy.

That’s what makes ThreeFold truly sovereign tech.
Not just infrastructure. Not just decentralization.
But total autonomy, by design.

The future is self-owned, self-operated, and borderless.

Whether you’re an individual, an enterprise, or a grassroots community, the tools to build your own cloud, on your own terms, are finally here.

Start building sovereignty today.

Explore how Zero OS and the ThreeFold Grid can power your next step.

🔗A Different Internet Is Possible

We need to restore the internet to its original intent,” says Kristof De Spiegeleer, founder of ThreeFold, in a recent interview at ETHDenver. “It was much more peer-to-peer. People could express whatever they wanted. We were no longer products. That’s what we wanted to bring back.

Kristof’s perspective isn’t nostalgic. At ThreeFold, some of our team has been building internet infrastructure since the early days, when the web still felt like a community garden rather than a corporate mall. In more recent years, we have been radically reimagining the plumbing of the web. And we’re doing it from the ground up.

🔗From CERN to Surveillance Capitalism

To understand what’s at stake, it helps to go back to the beginning.

The first ever website, info.cern.ch, was hosted on a NeXT computer in a physics lab in Switzerland. The web was conceived as a universal publishing system for scientists. It used open standards, interoperable protocols, and encouraged contribution. There were no paywalls. No targeted ads. No “walled gardens.”

All that changed in the 2000s. Google, Facebook, Amazon, and others turned the web into a data-mining operation.

In exchange for “free” services, users unknowingly gave up control over their digital selves. What started as a peer-to-peer web became a hub-and-spoke model, where all roads led through Silicon Valley.

Today, more than 80% of online content is machine-generated. Most of the internet’s infrastructure is owned by a few centralized companies. Many countries don’t even control their own digital backbones.

This was not at all the vision that the early pioneers had.

Tim Berners-Lee:

“The Web is more a social creation than a technical one. I designed it for a social effect—to help people work together—and not as a technical toy.”

Marc Andreessen (Netscape co-founder):

“We thought we were building a publishing platform. Instead, we built the rails for an entirely new economy.”

Jaron Lanier (early VR pioneer and digital ethicist):

“The original idea of the Internet was that it would decentralize power… Now it’s become the opposite.”

🔗Rebuilding the Plumbing

This is where ThreeFold comes in as a decentralized, peer-owned infrastructure layer. Kristof explains it plainly: “We need storage, we need compute, we need GPUs, and we need to connect these things outside of the current web monopolies.”

ThreeFold makes it simple for anyone to contribute to this new internet by running a node. Whether you’re a developer, a farmer, or just someone with an unused computer, you can dedicate a machine to the ThreeFold Grid and become part of a growing decentralized network.

🔗More Than Decentralization

Attempts to “decentralize the web” are nothing new. But most failed because they tried to rebuild the application layer without fixing the foundation. ThreeFold flips that script. It starts with the physical hardware, real nodes owned by real people, and builds upward.

Its architecture is designed for resilience. It doesn’t rely on AWS or Google Cloud. It doesn’t store your data in one vulnerable place. It doesn’t treat you like a product.

And perhaps most importantly, it invites participation. Anyone can build a node, join the network, and help create something bigger than themselves.

🔗Back to the Future?

What ThreeFold is essentially doing is reclamation.

We are reclaiming the peer-to-peer ethos of the early internet.

We are reclaiming the right to compute, connect, and create without gatekeepers.

We are reclaiming agency in a digital world that’s increasingly extractive.

As Kristof puts it: “No is simply not an option. This will be done.”

For those who still believe the internet can be more than a marketplace of user data, for those who remember what it was meant to be, ThreeFold might just be the future we were promised.

And this time, we all get to build it.

🔗From a Global Perspective

ThreeFold envisions a new internet, an alternative to the internet of today. To make this a reality, the ThreeFold Grid needs to reach a million (or millions of) nodes. A world with a million nodes …

• Ensures that connectivity is no longer monopolized by a few large corporations. The Internet is more resilient to large-scale outages, cyber-attacks, and natural disasters.
• Empowers people and organizations with control over their data. We are less vulnerable to data breaches and misuse of our data.
• Lays the groundwork for decentralized AI, where algorithms are built on ethical, diverse data sets and innovation is open
• Democratizes access to computational resources. Lower costs and scalable infrastructure fosters a global environment of innovation and drives economic growth and opportunity.
• Means efficient and optimized energy usage, reducing the need for power-hungry data centers, and supporting global efforts to minimize negative impact on our planet.
• Bridges the digital divide by introducing reliable Internet access to developing and remote regions, empowering them with access to crucial knowledge and information.
• Promotes global collaboration, creating a rich environment for cultural exchange and collective problem-solving at scale to tackle the world’s greatest challenges.
• Preserves cultural heritage, enabling communities from around the world to store their stories, information, and knowledge on infrastructure owned by them.

A world with a million nodes would reshape industries, facilitate global collaboration, and lay the foundation for a more resilient, inclusive, and sustainable digital future.

Let us explore, through the power of story, how this can come alive.

🔗Tanzania

Salma, a young entrepreneur coming from an agricultural background in Arusha, runs a small but growing tech company developing mobile apps for local farmers. Her apps collect data from IoT sensors in the fields, helping farmers monitor soil moisture and temperature, optimize water usage, and predict crop yields. Powered by decentralized AI models trained on local data, the insights become increasingly accurate and tailored to the region’s unique conditions.

The apps run smoothly on locally-deployed decentralized infrastructure – the data processing happens seamlessly on the nearest nodes, ensuring low latency and quick insights for farmers. Further, farmers can be assured of 100% data ownership and sovereignty.

The farmers form a local cooperative to share data and knowledge. The decentralized cloud ensures that the data remains secure and private, allowing collective insights to be shared in a trusted way. A peer-to-peer marketplace enables farmers to sell their crops directly to purchasers, meaning they can now receive fair value for their work.

🔗United States

Emma and Will live in a rural community in central Oklahoma, where tornadoes are a regular occurrence during certain times of the year. Emma is an elementary school teacher and Will works construction. Through a federal assistance program, the community has recently integrated its own decentralized cloud network.

Emma uses the network to access online resources and collaborate with educators globally. The local clinic offers telehealth services, so the community can access secure and private healthcare without the need to travel long distances.

Residents use a secure app for community discussions, support networks, local governance decisions, and safety alerts. Sensors across the community monitor weather conditions, while AI models trained on local weather patterns improve the accuracy of predictions, helping residents prepare and respond faster. Data is processed locally on the network, providing early warnings of severe weather events. Alerts are sent directly to residents’ devices. When disaster does strike, part of the decentralized network is able to stay online, supporting rapid communication and coordination and facilitating access to critical information.

🔗India

Amit, a software developer based in Bangalore, is working on a new AI-driven application. His development environment is hosted on the decentralized cloud, giving him immense computational power at his fingertips. Training his AI models is faster and more efficient, utilizing powerful GPUs located close to him, increasing performance and lowering costs.

No longer dependent on centralized cloud, Amit appreciates he can now handle large-scale computations without high costs and the environmental impact associated with traditional data centers.

Amit not only accelerates his AI model training but also develops a mindset of innovation without boundaries. Empowered by seamless scalability and reduced operational costs, Amit channels his energy into refining algorithms that promise to redefine healthcare diagnostics. This newfound agility allows him to iterate rapidly, collaborate globally, and pioneer solutions that bridge the gap between technology and societal impact.

🔗Brazil

In São Paulo, Rosina leads a team of environmental scientists focused on preserving the Amazon rainforest. Their research involves extensive data collection from remote sensors scattered across vast and often inaccessible regions of the rainforest. The data, including temperature, humidity, and biodiversity indicators, is crucial for monitoring climate change impacts and guiding conservation efforts.

Decentralized nodes located strategically across the rainforest process sensor data in real-time. Data collected from the rainforest remains secure and under local ownership. Local indigenous communities, equipped with smartphones, actively participate in data collection and monitoring (and use the decentralized network for the preservation of local culture). The insights derived from the program drive the training of decentralized AI algorithms, contributing to global climate research and advocacy efforts.

🔗A World with a Million Nodes is Possible

This vision of a world with a million nodes connected to the ThreeFold Grid shows how technology can bridge gaps, enhance security, and foster innovation on a global scale. Each node plays a crucial role in building a resilient, inclusive, and efficient digital infrastructure for everyone, everywhere.

From AI development to sustainable farming, digital education to climate science and disaster response, decentralized infrastructure is transforming how people connect and create.

For years, the ThreeFold team and community have been quietly building the foundation. The technology is proven. The network is live. And the world needs what we have been building.

The grid today is a clear collective demonstration that all of this is possible. Scaling to a million nodes is an ambitious goal – but it’s also an invitation. An invitation to co-create a digital world where power is distributed, opportunity is shared, and progress belongs to everyone.

This is more than infrastructure. It’s a movement. One node at a time, we’re building the Internet – and the intelligence – that the world truly needs.

🔗Part I: A Natural Evolution

The story of the Internet is one of ongoing evolution.

It began in the 1960s and 70s with a decentralized dream. Researchers and early pioneers built networks where computers communicated directly – peer-to-peer. There were no gatekeepers, no central authorities. Just nodes of people and their computers, freely exchanging data. This was the foundation for what we now call the Internet.

But as the Internet grew in the 90s, things started to change. The scrappy network of computers connected in an ad hoc manner started becoming an economic arena. Companies built platforms, services, and hubs. Massive infrastructure emerged to support this growth — hyperscale data centers, global fiber-optic networks, and powerful servers. The world logged on, and the web became commercialized.

This was Web 1.0 – static pages and basic information sharing. Then came Web 2.0 – the age of social media, cloud computing, and user-generated content, which makes up the vast majority of our shared digital lives. Connection became easier, but power was consolidated. Big platforms have taken ownership of our data and control our experiences.

In response, a new idea emerged – Web 3.0. Decentralized technologies like blockchain aimed to give control back to users. But Web3 is still finding its way, grappling with scalability, accessibility, and adoption.

And now, with the introduction of AI, we stand at the dawn of Web 4.0, the next evolution of the Internet. Web 4.0 is an agent-centric model, also sometimes referred to as the symbiotic web. In Web 4.0, we’ll interact both with humans and with virtual AI agents, our digital counterparts. These agents will be able to help with everything, from organizing our days to navigating our online presence. But here’s the catch – if we stay on the current path, these agents and the powerful intelligence systems behind them won’t belong to us. They’ll be owned – just like our data is today – by someone else. Web 4.0 will be no different than what we’ve had in the past.

This isn’t just about data anymore, it’s about intelligence itself. It’s about the future of our species and the planet. The question is: will we seize the opportunity to create something new – a decentralized network of augmented, collective intelligence.

This vision is what we call Web4.

🔗Part II: Our Web4 Vision

Web4. Where humans and AI collaborate to develop a new paradigm aimed at advancing planetary well-being. To our knowledge, we are the world’s first project approaching a fully functional Web4 infrastructure. But what does a Web4 infrastructure look like?

A Web4 infrastructure is built on three essential layers: personal, infrastructure, and physical.

At the heart of Web4 is the individual – you. The personal level involves an AI assistant, your digital counterpart, which manages your digital life and is owned fully by you. An identity layer ensures reputation and authenticity of information, an intelligence layer brings decentralized personal AI systems for smarter collaboration and decision-making. And a transaction layer integrates seamlessly with Web3 systems and beyond for secure and efficient transactions.

Next is the infrastructure layer, the backbone of Web4. This layer re-imagines how the Internet works. The network layer delivers private, scalable communication. The data layer revolutionizes how we store, share, and control data. Serverless compute resources allow applications to run closer to users and their data, improving speed and performance. And the cloud layer bridges today’s Web2 systems with a Web4 future, ensuring everything works together.

Finally, the physical layer brings Web4 into the real world. Routers act as gateways between the old web and the new, creating secure, next-generation communication channels. Nodes power the ecosystem by delivering AI, data, and compute capabilities. Phones become more than just a device, they are your portal into Web4, and capable of building meshed networks for better connectivity. And any modern desktop running Linux, Windows, or MacOS integrates seamlessly into this new ecosystem.

This vision may seem bold, but at ThreeFold, we are well on our way to making it a reality. Over the past decade, we have tackled complex challenges in areas such as data storage, secure overlay networking, and autonomous cloud security. A working proof of concept infrastructure grid is alive today thanks to the ThreeFold developers and a global community.

Today, we are pleased to announce the next step in the roadmap to Web4: Web4 Node, Web4 Phone, and Web4 Router.

🔗Part III: The Journey Begins

Today, we are pleased to announce the next step in the roadmap to Web4: V4 3Node, 3Phone equipped with 3Bot technology, and 3Router.

3Nodes are a familiar concept in the ThreeFold ecosystem, now also entering their fourth generation. Nodes provide capacity to the network, and in exchange generate rewards. Today, in collaboration with ThreeFold community vendors YourData Network in Europe and DuckFarmData in North America, we are announcing three different models of the V4 3Node. You can find more info and how to place orders here.

3Phones are a portal into the Web4 world. We are pleased to share that we will be offering several models of 3Phones into the market based on the Volla Phone platform. 3Phones will be equipped with your own decentralized AI agent called 3Bot. You can pre-order a 3Phone here.

And then there are 3Routers. Routers ensure that Web4 devices (phones and desktops running Mycelium) can communicate with one another – peer-to-peer, private, and secure. 3Routers will be available next year, and you can express your interest here.

Now, we need more than technology – we need pioneers, thinkers, and creators to help expand the Web4 ecosystem. Whether you contribute as a developer, a node operator, or via any other role, your participation is crucial. We need to bring millions of nodes, routers, and phones into the ecosystem. This is the next step in our journey.

The future of the Internet is being written today, and Web4 is the next chapter – a chapter where control, collaboration, and innovation belong to everyone. But this isn’t just our journey – it’s yours too. Together, we can build a smarter, more equitable digital world, where AI and humans work side by side to solve our greatest challenges.

Will you join us in realizing this vision?

Today we make these announcements to our incredible community, so you can provide your feedback and be amongst the first to register. In the coming weeks, after the new year, we will begin to spread this vision further. And this is only the beginning of our Web4 journey. Every three months, on 03.03, 06.06, 09.09, and 12.12 of next year we will continue to unveil major aspects of the Web4 vision. Of course there will be plenty of discussion and updates as we go, as well. Stay tuned.